approach to the first unprovoked seizure- part ii

how to cite this article: ghofrani m. approach to the first unprovoked seizure- part ii. iran j child neurol. 2013 autumn; 7(4):1-5. abstract the approach to a child who has experienced a first unprovoked generalized tonic-clonic seizure is challenging and at the same time controversial. how to establish the diagnosis, ways and means of investigation and whether treatment is appropriate, are different aspects of this subject.  in this writing the above mentioned matters are discussed.  references 31.berg at, testa fm., levy sr, shinnar s. neuroimaging in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. a community based study. pediatrics 2000;106:527-532. 32.shinnar s, odell c. treating childhood seizure; when and for how long. in: shinnar s, amir n, branski d (eds). childhood seizure. s karger basel. 1995. p.100-110. 33.shinnar s, berg at, moshe sl, et al. risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure in childhood; a prospective study. pediatrics 1990;85:1076-2085. 34.shinnar s, berg at, moshe sl, et al. the risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked febrile seizure in childhood: an extended follow up. pediatrics 1996:98:216-225. 35.hauser wa, rich ss, annegers jf, anderson ve. seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure: an extended follow up. neurology 1990;40:1163-1170. 36.stroink h, brouwer o f, arts wf, greets at, peter ac, van donselaar ca. the first unprovoked, untreated seizure in childhood: a hospital based study of the accuracy of diagnosis, rate of recurrence, and long term outcome after recurrence. dutch study of epilepsy in childhood. j neurol neurosurg psychiatry 1998;64:595-600. 37.shinnar s, berg at, o’dell c. newstein d, et al. predictors of multiple seizure in a cohort of children prospectively followed from the time of their first unprovoked seizure, ann neurol 2000; 48:140-147. 38.martinovie z, jovic n. seizure recurrence after a first generalized tonic-clonic seizure in children, adolescents and young adult. seizure 1997;6:461-565. 39.berg at, shinnar s, levy sr, testa fm, et al. early development of intractable epilepsy in children: a prospective study. neurology 2001;56:1445-1452. 40.berg at, shinnar s. the risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure: a quantitative review. neurology 1991;41:955-972. 41.camfield pr, camfield cs, dooley jm, et al. epilepsy after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood, neurology 1985;35:1657-1660. 42.commission on epidemiology and prognosis. international league against epilepsy. guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. epilepsia 1993;37:592-596. 43.annegers jf, shirts sb, hauser wa, et al. risk of recurrence after an initial unprovoked seizure. epilepsia 1986;27:43-50. 44.shinnar s, berg at, moshe sl, shinnar r. how long do new –onset seizures in children last? ann neurol 2001;49:659-664. 45.camfield p, camfield c, dooley j, et al. a randomized study of carbamazepine versus no medication after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood. neurology 1989;39:851-852. 46.chandra b. first seizure in adult: to treat or not to treat. clin neurol neurosurg 1992;94:861-863. 47.musico m, beghi e, solari a, viani f. treatment of first tonic-clonic seizure does not improve the prognosis of epilepsy. neurology 1997;49:991-998. 48.american academy of pediatrics. behavioral and cognitive effects of anticonvulsant therapy (re9537). approach to the first unprovoked seizure-part ii. pediatrics 1995;96:538-540. 49.yerby ms. teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs: what do we advise patients? epilepsia 1997;38-957-958. 50.vinig ep, melits ed. dorsen mm, et al. psychologic and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs in children: a double-blind comparison between phenobarbital and valproic acid. pediatrics 1987;80: 165-174. 51.berg i, butler a, ellis m, foster j. psychiatric aspects of epilepsy in childhood treated with carbamazepine, phenytoin, or sodium valporate: a random trial. dev med child nerol 1993;35:149-157. 52.aman mg, werry js, paxton jw, et al. effects of carbamazepine on psychomotor performance in children as a function of drug concentration, seizure type, and time of medication. epilepsia 1990;31:51-60. 53.aman mg, werry js, turbott sh. effects of phenytoin on cognitive-motor performance in children as a function of drug concentration, seizure type and time of medication. epilepsia 1994;35:172-180. 54.thilothammal n, banu k, tatnam bs. comparison of phenobarbiton, phenytion with sodium valproate. randomized double blind study. indian pediatr 1996;33:549-555.